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Scientific name
Colophon Gray, 1832
Chinese name
尖顎鍬形蟲屬（開普鍬形蟲屬）
English name
Cape stag-beetle
Classification
Order Coleoptera     Family Lucanidae
Diagnosis
Medium-sized lucanid beetle. Body length (excluding mandibles) 10-30 mm. Head comparatively much smaller than thorax; vertex smooth or punctuated, ridged along lateral and posterior margins; mandible variable in size and shape, in some species flattened without inner teeth, but in some species becoming curved inwards or forked. Thorax enlarged, similar to those in some dung-feeding scarabaeoids; humeral angles of mesothorax produced; dorsum of thorax smooth or punctuated. Elytra smooth or punctuate, in some species lateral margins slightly ridged. Legs variable in shape, all legs with spurs; in some species forelegs curved downwards. Female similar to male in size and colouration but with much smaller and undeveloped mandibles. For more information of identification see Mizukami & Kawai (1996a-d, 1998) and Mizunuma (2000).
Distribution
The whole genus is restricted to the mountainous area of South Africa.
Habitat and Ecology
According to Mizukami & Kawai (1996a-d, 1998) and Scholtz & Endrody-Younga (1994), the adults of this genus are extremely specialized in external morphology and very simliar to dung-beetles in appearance. Their habitats mostly have much drier climate and sparse vegetation than any other known habitats of lucanid beetles in the world. The larval stages have been still very little known until Scholtz & Endrody-Younga (1994)'s report.
Threats and Conservation Status
In 1994, the market for beetles in Europe was reported to be growing rapidly and larger than that for butterflies (Anonymous, 1994a). Cape stag beetles are among the most highly-priced stag beetles on the market. Based on their behavior, and what is known of other lucanid beetles, it is presumed that Colophon species have an extremely low reproductive rate (Anonymous, 1994a). All Colophon species were listed as endangered wild animals under the Cape Province Ordinance No. 19 1974 on 19 March 1992, with the effect of limiting legal collection, internal trade, and export from the province, except under permit (Anonymous, 1994a). In 1994, the whole genus was proposed for inclusion in CITES Appendix I by the Netherlands at the ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. The proposal was withdrawn and South Africa agreed to include the genus in Appendix III. This listing took effect on 13 September 2000 (Anonymous., 2000a-c). At present, the main threat to this genus is over-collecting by European and Japanese traders.
Remarks
This genus comprises the following 16 species, which have been listed in CITES Appendix III since 2001.
Colophon barnardi Endrody-Younga, 1988 巴氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162a)
Colophon berrisfordi Barnard, 1932 貝氏尖顎鍬形蟲
Colophon cameroni Barnard, 1929 喀氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162b)
Colophon cassoni Barnard, 1932 凱森尖顎鍬形蟲
Colophon eastmani Barnard, 1932 依斯特尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162c)
Colophon haughtoni Barnard, 1929 豪氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162d)
Colophon izardi Barnard, 1929 伊氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162e)
Colophon kawaii Mizukami, 1996 川井氏尖顎鍬形蟲
Colophon montisatris Endrody-Younga, 1988 山尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162f)
Colophon neli Barnard, 1932 涅氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162g)
Colophon oweni Bartolozzi, 1995 歐氏尖顎鍬形蟲
Colophon primosi Barnard, 1929 普氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162h)
Colophon stokoei Barnard, 1929 斯氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Fig. 162i)
Colophon thunbergi Westwood, 1855 湯氏尖顎鍬形蟲
Colophon westwoodi Gray, 1832 魏氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Figs. 162j-k)
Colophon whitei Barnard, 1929 懷氏尖顎鍬形蟲 (Figs. 162l)