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Scientific name Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura, 1910) Chinese name 曙鳳蝶、桃紅鳳蝶 English name Aurora Swallowtail, Highland Red-bellied Swallowtail Classification 鳳蝶科(Papilionidae)，鳳蝶亞科(Papilioninae)，裳鳳蝶族(Troidini) Diagnosis Large-sized swallowtail butterfly. Wingspan 12-18 cm, female much larger than male. Wing shape similar between both sexes but broader in female; colouration sexually dimorphic. Head black with red hairs and scales; thorax and abdomen black dorsally and ventrally but with black dots in rows along lateral sides of abdomen. Forewing broad with termen straight; ground colour blackish gray and slightly metallic blue, while in female each vein tinged whitish gray scales along both sides. Hindwing broad with termen undulate; upperside in male unicoloured but spotted in female; undersides of both sexes having two rows of large black spots arranging on m1, m2, m3 and cu1 cells, with red background in male and auroral background in female; inner margin of both sexes bearing prominent androconial hairs. Immature stages somewhat similar to Byasa polyeuctes termessus (Fruhstorfer) (Figs. 179-180) but much larger in size and lighter in colouration. Distribution This species is endemic to Taiwan and has no similar species around the surrounding areas. It is in general active at about 1000-2500 m in elevation and only abundant in primary forests, especially the Taroko National Park, Shei-pa National Park and Yushan National Park. The distributional boundary in southern Taiwan could be Lukuei area (Hamano, 1987). Habitat and Ecology The first brood of adult starts to emerge in the early summer. Adults are often seen visiting flowers of Sambucus formosana Nakai, Lonicera acuminata Wall (Caprifoliaceae), Hydrangea aspera D.Don (Saxifragaceae), Euodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. (Rutaceae), Eupatorium formosanum Hayata (Compositae) (Yang & Lai, 2000), Styx spp. (Styracaceae) and Verbenaceae in large schools. The larvae have been reported feeding on Aristolochia heterophylla Hemsl., A. kaempferi Willd. and A. zollingeriana Mq. (Yang, 1997, 1998, Yang & Lai, 2000). This species may probably be univoltine with very long occurring period from July to December (Yang & Lai, 2000). The eggs are yellow, spherical, covered by female secretions and laid under the leaves of hostplants (Hsu et al., 1986; Lin, 1994; Hsu, 1999). The larvae have prominent verrucae on their body, which the ground colour is whitish black and with two pairs of white bands on the third and fourth abdominal segments. The hibernating states could be larval stages (Hsu, 1986), adult or egg (Yang & Lai, 2000). Pupation usually occurs in spring. Threats and Conservation Status This species is still fairly common in some areas, but may be threatened by commercial collecting by local and alien collectors in accompany with rapid destruction of habitats by overuse of herbicides and road construction in highland of Taiwan. For more information about conservation of this species see Yang (1997, 1998) and Yang & Lai (2000). Remarks Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura), female, Lishan Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura), egg, Meifeng Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura), 1st instar larva, Meifeng Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura), final instar egg, Songgang Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura), pupa, lateral view, Songgang Atrophaneura horishana (Matsumura), pupa, dorsal view, Songgang Byasa polyeuctes termessus (Fruhstorfer), 2nd instar larva, Chudong Byasa polyeuctes termessus (Fruhstorfer), 4th instar larva, Chudong